Nye avsløringer om israelsk bruk av forgifting av motstandere er publisert 6. oktober i Haaretz.Fra før er kjent en rekke tilfeller av slike snikmord, tilsvarende det Russland har gjort i nyere tid i bl.a. UK
Det nye er at gift også ble brukt i 1948, slik det dokumenteres av de israelske forfatterne Benny Morris og Benjamin Kedar. Da er det blant annet snakk om bruk av tyfoid-basiller til å forgifte palestinsk drikkevann, så som i Acre, men også flere andre steder.
Haaretz har valgt tittelen:
"Meshal Poisoning Provided Only a Glimpse Into Israel’s Biological Warfare Arsenal"
Skudeneshavn 7. oktober 2022
Jan Marton Jensen
På Twitter:
10. oktober 2022
https://innkast.blogspot.com/2022/10/avdekket-israel-har-brukt-biologisg.html
Kilde:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_krigf%C3%B8ring
HELE artikkelen i Haaretz 6. oktober 2022:
Meshal Poisoning Provided Only a Glimpse Into Israel’s Biological Warfare Arsenal
New article by Benny Morris and Benjamin Kedar indicates that well before the botched assassination attempt 25 years ago, Israel attempted mass poisoning during the war in 1948
On September 25, 1997, Mossad operatives from the special forces’ unit of Kidon (Hebrew for Bayonet) poisoned Khaled Meshal, the chairman of the political bureau of Hamas, in Amman, Jordan. One of the operatives held a small tube and sprayed Meshal’s ear with the material.
The
Mossad modus operandi is to send one of its doctors into the arena of
operation in case an operative is injured and needs medical treatment,
without risking exposure at a local hospital. A female doctor,
accompanied by Mishka Ben David, one of Mossad intelligence officers,
was chosen for the mission in Jordan. They posed as an Israeli couple on
vacation in an Amman hotel. The doctor and Ben David possessed an
antidote, which would neutralize the poison if it leaked and injured the
operatives by mistake. Israel kept a backup antidote at another
location in Amman.
The mission failed. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu showed negligence and arrogance in executing an operation on Jordanian soil, Israel’s most strategic ally in the Middle East. Just three years earlier, Jordan had signed a peace treaty with the Jewish state. However, the intelligence was also poor and the performance by the operatives in the field was inadequate. Mossad operatives holding falsified Canadian passports were arrested. Four others found shelter at the Israeli embassy.
Jordan’s King Hussein threatened to storm the embassy and to execute the operatives. To placate the king, Israel agreed to release from prison Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of Hamas, and to save Meshal’s life. The doctor and Ben David gave one of the antidotes to a Jordanian intelligence officer, who forwarded it to a Jordanian doctor. Israel saved the life of Meshal, a bitter enemy of Israel until today.
On top of these self-inflicted wounds to Israel’s own national interests, one of the most troubling ramifications was the fact that the Meshal affair forced Israel to publicly admit that it had used poison – a form of biological warfare by at least one measure. Until then, the reports about the use of poison by Israeli intelligence agents were always attributed to “foreign sources.”
At least two other incidents of this nature were revealed in the world
press. One was in 1978 after the death of Wadie Haddad, the operational
officer of the Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine. Haddad was the
architect of the spectacular hijacking of Israeli and international
airliners in the 1970’s, including the Air France flight diverted to
Entebbe, Uganda, in 1976. In a daring operation, Israeli commandos
killed Haddad’s terrorists, who included German members of the Bader
Meinhof gang, and saved most of the hostages.
The Mossad retaliated. Knowing that Haddad had a sweet tooth, it
recruited one of his aides to be a spy. As instructed by Mossad
handlers, the aide purchased English-made Cadbury Chocolate in Belgium.
The chocolate was filled with poison prepared by Israeli scientists for
the Mossad. The Palestinian aide personally delivered it to Haddad, who
ate it without sharing. Haddad, who had suffered from severe underlying
illnesses, died a few weeks later in an East Berlin hospital. Until
today, Mossad veterans debate whether Haddad died of the poison or due
to his sickness, or because of the combination of the two factors.
- Hamas: Israel Poisoned Arafat
- Who Killed Mahmoud al-Mabhouh? / Many Wanted Hamas Man Dead
- Biography Makes It Clear: Palestinian Popular Front Leader Was Right
Fifty years later another international agreement was signed: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, commonly referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention.
However, while 183 states have ratified the treaty, Israel, together with Egypt, Somalia, Eritrea and Comoros, have refused to join it.
It is widely assumed and reported that the various poisoning materials used by the Mossad for the already published cases, and few more which have remained secret, were manufactured at the Israel Institute for Biological Research in Nes Ziona, 20 kilometers south of Tel Aviv.
The
institute, which jointly belongs to the Prime Minister’s Office and the
Defense Ministry, was founded in 1952, replacing the army’s Scientific
Corps. Its first director was Alexander Keynan.
This unit now stars in a fascinating article revealing the clandestine history of the biological warfare that Israel conducted during its War of Independence in 1948. The article is written by two historians, Benny Morris, professor emeritus at Ben-Gurion University in Be’er Sheva, and professor emeritus Benjamin Ze’ev Kedar of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The article – “‘Cast Thy Bread’: Israeli Biological Warfare during the 1948 War” – was recently published by Middle Eastern Studies.
This article is a rarity for two reasons. First, it was researched and published against the wishes of the Israeli security establishment, which has tried for years to block any embarrassing historical documents about that war exposing war crimes against Arabs, like murdering prisoners, ethnic cleansing and destroying villages. Second, the article is based on original documents stored in the Israel State Archive and other archives.
Morris and Kedar had already discovered that the codename for the
operation was “Cast Thy Bread” – taken from a verse in the Book of
Ecclesiastes (11:1). Based on their research, they detail how scientists
from the Scientific Corps, together with battlefield units, were
involved in a systematic campaign to poison water wells and spread
typhoid bacteria in Arab villages and cities as well as among the
invading armies of Egypt and Jordan. The purpose was to frighten the
Arab-Palestinian population, to force them to leave and to weaken the
Arab armies.
The order to use the biological warfare was given or at least approved
by the founder of the Jewish state, David Ben-Gurion, who was its first
prime minister and defense minister. Ben-Gurion consulted with the top
scientists at the time including Prof. David Erenst Bergman, who is
consider the father of the Israeli nuclear program, Prof. Ephrain
Katzir, a future president of the state, and Prof. Alex Keynan, the
founder of the biological research institute. The top military echelon
privy to the clandestine operation included generals Yohanan Ratner and
Yigal Yadin, who was the de facto chief of staff during the 1948 war and
then-Lt. Col. Moshe Dayan. Dayan, a future chief of staff and foreign
minister, was given by the scientists tubes with typhoid bacteria. His
assignment was to deliver them to his subordinates. The instruction was
to spread it in water wells near Jericho, where the Jordanian army was
deployed, and in Jerusalem area villages where the most fierce battles
took place.
However, one of Dayan’s tubes broke, and his 3-year-old son Assi (a future writer, actor and film director) was infected and had to stay in bed for days.
Typhoid germs were also sent in bottles to the southern front. But local left-leaning commanders refused to participate in the operations. They complained to their senior commander Haim Bar-Lev, also a future chief of staff and cabinet minister. Bar-Lev told them to get rid of the bottles. Nevertheless, a few Israeli troops thought the bottles contained soft drinks and drank them. Luckily, they were not seriously ill.
The article by Morris and Kedar also sheds light on a few more cases in which Israeli soldiers were sent with the poison to Acre and the Galilee village of Ilabun. According to British Arab and Red Cross documents, dozens of local residents of Acre were poisoned and became severely ill. An unknown number of them died.
The same method was also used in May 1948, a week after Israel proclaimed independence, in Gaza. Two Jewish soldiers from a special forces unit posed as Arabs and infiltrated Gaza with tubes containing the typhoid germs. Their mission was to poison the Gaza water well in order to stop the advancement of the Egyptian army. But they were arrested, tortured and sentenced in August 1948 to death by an Egyptian military court.
Israel has never admitted the true nature of their mission but recognized them as fallen soldiers. The article does not specify what was the actual number of casualties caused by these biological warfare operations. Its probably was not significant and was not widespread due to the amateurish nature of the operation Cast Thy Bread and the logistical difficulties. Yet, it’s no wonder that the Israeli security establishment is ashamed of some chapters of its past and has been trying to suppress the information.
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